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Daniel Hale Williams (January 18, 1856〔Although a half dozen biographical dictionaries place Daniel Hale Williams's birth date in 1858, 1856 is the date given in the U.S. Census records of Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, for 1860 and of Janesville, Wisconsin, for 1880; these agree on 1856, and the former was given by his parents. Also, when Dr. Dan registered officially with the Illinois State Board of Health as a physician, on April 18, 1883, he gave his age as twenty-eight. This too points to 1856, making him at his registration twenty-seven years and three months old, or in his twenty-eighth year. *Buckler, Helen ''Daniel Hale Williams: Negro Surgeon'' Pitman Publishing Company 1954 pp287-288. Full text at https://archive.org/stream/danielhalfwillia013550mbp/danielhalfwillia013550mbp_djvu.txt〕 – August 4, 1931) was an American general surgeon who, in 1893, performed the second documented successful pericardium surgery to repair a wound.〔〔〔〔A Century of Black Surgeons, The U.S.A. Experience, Organ, Claude, Chapter 8, page 311 Daniel Hale Williams, MD; Transcript Press,Norman OK, 1987 ISBN 0-9617380-0-6〕 He also founded Provident Hospital, the first non-segregated hospital in the United States. ==Career== At the time that he graduated from medical school, black doctors were not allowed to work in Chicago hospitals. As a result, in 1891, Williams started the Provident Hospital (Chicago) and training school for nurses in Chicago, Illinois. This was established mostly for African-American citizens.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work= The Black Inventor Online Museum )〕 In 1893, Williams became the first person on record to have successfully performed pericardium surgery to repair a wound, working along Henry Dalton during the surgery . On September 6, 1891,〔〔 Dalton successfully performed pericardium surgery to repair a wound with the patient fully recovering.〔 Earlier successful surgeries to drain the pericardium, by performing a pericardiostomy were done by Francisco Romero in 1801〔(Francisco Romero, the first heart surgeon ) Aris A., Ann Thorac Surg. 1997 Sep;64(3):870-1. Accessed November 29, 2013〕 and Dominique Jean Larrey in 1810.〔(When did cardiac surgery begin? ) Harris B. Shumacker, J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1989 Mar-Apr;30(2):246-9, Accessed November 29, 2013〕 On July 10, 1893, Williams repaired the torn pericardium of a knife wound patient, James Cornish. Cornish, who was stabbed directly through the left fifth costal cartilage,〔 had been admitted the previous night and Williams made the decision to operate the next morning in response to continued bleeding, cough and "pronounced" symptoms of shock.〔 He performed this surgery, without the benefit of penicillin or blood transfusion, at Provident Hospital, Chicago, though it would not be reported until 1897.〔 About fifty-five days later, James Cornish had successfully recovered from the surgery.〔 In 1893, during the administration of President Grover Cleveland, Williams was appointed surgeon-in-chief of Freedman's Hospital in Washington, D.C., a post he held until 1898 when he married and moved to Chicago. In addition to organizing the hospital, Williams also established a training school for African-American nurses at the facility. Williams was a teacher of Clinical Surgery at Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee and was an attending surgeon at Cook County Hospital in Chicago. He worked to create more hospitals with accessibility to African Americans. In 1895 he co-founded the National Medical Association for African American doctors, and in 1913 he became a charter member and the only African American doctor in the American College of Surgeons. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Daniel Hale Williams」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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